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Sources

Every page lists the sources behind it. This is the complete list in one place, grouped by section.

HVAC and refrigerants

  1. Arkema, Forane refrigerants pressure-temperature chart (R-407A liquid and vapor)
  2. Chemours, Pressure-Temperature Guide for A/C (R-32 safety group A2L)
  3. Arkema, Forane Refrigerants Technical Digest (Forane 407A: applications, pressures, charging, lubricant, retrofit, compressor approvals, AR5 GWP)
  4. Chemours, US refrigerant replacement guide (Opteon XP40 for R-407A)
  5. Honeywell, PT chart for Genetron AZ-20 (R-410A): superheat and subcooling procedure, service equipment and drier ratings
  6. Carrier, What is Puron Advance refrigerant (trade name, leak sensor and dissipation fan)
  7. ASHRAE, Refrigerant designations (ANSI/ASHRAE 34-2022 numbers, zeotropes and azeotropes)
  8. EPA, Technology Transitions HFC restrictions by sector
  9. EPA, Fact sheet: Technology Transitions reconsideration final rule (May 2026)
  10. EPA, Technology Transitions program fact sheet (maintenance of existing systems)
  11. EPA, Technology Transitions GWP reference table
  12. Chemours, Opteon XL41 (R-454B) product information (composition, GWP, glide, applications, POE, performance vs R-410A, UL 60335-2-40 and ASHRAE 15)
  13. Manufacturer PT chart
  14. Manufacturer PT chart
  15. Chemours, Opteon XL41 pressure-temperature data (Eng), pressure-first and temperature-first tables
  16. Chemours, Safety of Opteon XL refrigerants (A2L service equipment and brazing)
  17. Honeywell, PT chart for Solstice 454B (R-454B)
  18. EPA, SNAP substitutes in residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat pumps
  19. Manufacturer PT chart
  20. Manufacturer PT chart
  21. Manufacturer PT chart
  22. EPA, Phaseout of Class II ozone-depleting substances (HCFC-22 schedule)
  23. EPA, Residential air conditioning and the phaseout of HCFC-22: what you need to know (continued use, supply, leak checks, venting, R-22a, retrofits)
  24. Chemours, Freon 407C and 407A properties, uses, storage and handling (composition, safety class, AR4 GWP, GWP vs R-404A)
  25. Chemours, R-22 replacements pressure-temperature guide (Freon 407A)
  26. Honeywell, PT charts for refrigeration and A/C (Genetron 407C)
  27. Honeywell, Solstice N40 (R-448A) technical data sheet (R-407 series replacement)
  28. Manufacturer PT chart
  29. Chemours, Opteon YF product information (A2L, similarity to R-134a, lubricants, no retrofit use, required SAE tool standards)
  30. EPA, MVAC: Acceptable refrigerants and their impacts
  31. National Refrigerants, R-1234yf product data summary and pressure-temperature chart (lubricants)
  32. Solstice Advanced Materials, Solstice yf (R-1234yf)
  33. Manufacturer PT chart
  34. Manufacturer PT chart
  35. National Refrigerants, R-448A refrigeration product bulletin and retrofit guidelines
  36. Manufacturer PT chart
  37. Honeywell, PT chart for Solstice N40 (R-448A)
  38. Honeywell, Reading pressure-based PT charts for HVAC and refrigeration
  39. Manufacturer PT chart
  40. Chemours, Opteon XP40 (R-449A) product information
  41. Chemours, Opteon XP40 retrofit guidelines to replace R-404A/R-507
  42. Manufacturer PT chart
  43. EPA, Technology Transitions GWP reference table
  44. California Air Resources Board, High-GWP refrigerants (AR4 and AR5 values)
  45. EPA, Transitioning to low-GWP alternatives in commercial refrigeration (2016)
  46. Manufacturer PT chart
  47. Chemours, Freon 507 (R-507) product page (Wayback Machine copy, May 2025)
  48. Arkema (EPA-hosted), Choosing the Right R-22 Retrofit: blend compositions
  49. Hudson Technologies, R-507 pressure-temperature chart and properties
  50. EPA, SNAP substitutes in household refrigerators and freezers (isobutane, HFC-134a status, GWP, safety class)
  51. National Refrigerants, R-422B AC product bulletin and retrofit guidelines
  52. Arkema, Forane 427A spec sheet (lubricant miscibility with HFCs), hosted by RSD
  53. Arkema, Forane 427A R-22 retrofit Q&A sheet (2022)
  54. Arkema, Forane Recommended Retrofit Procedure (2022)
  55. Manufacturer PT chart
  56. Chemours, Opteon XP10 (R-513A) product information
  57. Chemours, Opteon XP10 retrofit guidelines to replace R-134a
  58. Manufacturer PT chart
  59. EPA, SNAP Rule 23 (2021): listing of R-452B and other A2L refrigerants, composition and use conditions
  60. ASHRAE and UNEP, Refrigerant safety classification factsheet
  61. Chemours, Opteon XL55 (R-452B) product information
  62. Manufacturer PT chart
  63. Danfoss, Commercial compressors: overview of oil types
  64. Bitzer, Oils for Bitzer scroll compressors
  65. EPA, SNAP Final Rule 26 (Federal Register, June 13, 2024): R-290 use conditions and UL 60335-2-89
  66. EPA, SNAP rule listing flammable refrigerants in stand-alone retail food refrigeration and vending machines (2015)
  67. EPA, Stationary Refrigeration: Prohibition on Venting Refrigerants
  68. Danfoss, Practical application of refrigerants R600a and R290 in small hermetic systems (R-12 in small hermetic systems)
  69. Linde, R290 (CARE 40) product data
  70. Manufacturer PT chart
  71. Linde, R600a (CARE 10) product data
  72. Manufacturer PT chart
  73. Copeland (Emerson), Commercial CO2 refrigeration systems: guide for subcritical and transcritical CO2 applications (Wayback Machine copy)
  74. Manufacturer PT chart
  75. Bitzer, Oils for refrigerant R744 (CO2)
  76. EPA, Phaseout of Class I ozone-depleting substances
  77. EPA, Choosing and using a retrofit refrigerant for a CFC-12 MVAC
  78. EPA, Regulatory Requirements for MVAC System Servicing
  79. EPA, Section 608 and Section 609 overlap (CFC-12 purchase, ODP)
  80. DuPont, Freon 12 material safety data sheet (2004), hosted by Hudson Technologies
  81. Hudson Technologies, R-12 pressure-temperature chart and properties (ASHRAE 34 safety rating A1)
  82. IPCC AR5 WG1 Chapter 8, Table 8.A.1 (GWP100 of CFC-12)
  83. ASHRAE Terminology: superheat, maximum temperature glide (dew point), dry expansion evaporator, thermostatic expansion valve
  84. NOAA, NASA and USAF, U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (Table I, pressure by geometric altitude)
  85. CoolProp, open-source thermophysical property library (Bell et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2014)
  86. Payne, PH5SAN5 R-454B Heat Pump Installation Instructions (check rating plate for refrigerant)
  87. Chemours, Freon 407C Retrofit Guidelines
  88. California Energy Commission, 2022 Reference Appendices, RA3.2 Refrigerant Charge Verification
  89. U.S. DOE Building America, Measure Guideline: Air Conditioner Diagnostics, Maintenance, and Replacement (DOE/GO-102013-3766, 2013)
  90. ASHRAE, Addendum g to Standard 34-2016 (Class 2L criteria)
  91. AHRI Safe Refrigerant Transition Task Force, Chapter 2: properties of A2L refrigerants (A2L-rated tools)
  92. AHRI, Low-GWP refrigerants FAQ
  93. AHRI, A2L Refrigerants Best Practices
  94. AHRI, Guideline N-2017, Assignment of Refrigerant Container Colors
  95. UL Solutions, New safety requirements for low-GWP refrigerants (UL 60335-2-40, 3rd edition)
  96. UL Solutions, Updated requirements for refrigerant detection systems (UL 60335-2-40, 4th edition)
  97. UL 1963, Refrigerant Recovery/Recycling Equipment (scope)
  98. ASHRAE, Refrigeration resources (Standards 15 and 15.2)
  99. EPA, Technology Transitions HFC restrictions by sector
  100. Federal Register, SNAP Rule 23 (86 FR 24444, May 6, 2021)
  101. EPA, Refrigerant Sales Restriction (small cans)
  102. EPA, Section 609 Technician Training and Certification Programs
  103. Chemours, Safety of Opteon XL Refrigerants (left-hand cylinder valve thread)
  104. Arkema, Forane tech tip: the difference between A2L and A1 cylinders
  105. Arkema, Forane tech tip: R-32 vs R-454B
  106. Copeland, AE 93-11 Refrigerant and lubricant approvals
  107. Lennox, SL25KCV Installation Instructions (508447-01, R-454B)
  108. Trane, 4TTR7 Split System Cooling Installer's Guide (18-AC94D1-4-EN)
  109. Carrier, 24ACB3/24ACC6/24APB6 R-410A Installation Instructions (charging by superheat and subcooling)
  110. Daikin, IOG-4036B R-410A Condensing Unit Installation and Service Reference (thermometer contact and insulation)
  111. EPA, Section 608 Technician Certification Requirements
  112. Chemours, Opteon XL41 (R-454B) Product Information
  113. Chemours, Freon MO99 and NU-22B Retrofit Guidelines
  114. Daikin, R-32 Refrigerant: Get the Facts (CB-R32-GETFACTS, 06-25)
  115. Arkema, Forane Retrofit Guidelines (2022)
  116. Arkema, Forane 410A product page (near-azeotropic mixture)
  117. Arkema, Forane 404A product page (near-azeotropic blend)
  118. Arkema, Forane 507A product page (azeotropic blend)
  119. Copeland, AE 95-14 Refrigerant Changeover Guidelines
  120. Copper Development Association, Copper Tube Handbook (A4015-26/24), Table 14.2e ACR tube dimensions
  121. Arkema, Forane 410A Thermodynamic Properties (English units)
  122. Carrier, Single-Stage and Two-Stage AC/HP Models Using R-454B: Residential Piping and Long Line Guideline (10°F minimum subcooling)
  123. Rheem, Rheem announces temporary increase in R-454B unit pre-charge levels (May 2025)
  124. EPA, MVAC: Unique fittings and label colors
  125. Federal Register, Technology Transitions final rule (88 FR 73098, Oct 24, 2023)
  126. Chemours, Opteon YF Product Information Bulletin
  127. Chemours, US Refrigerant Replacement Guide (GWP values)
  128. SAE J2843, R-1234yf recovery/recycling/recharging equipment
  129. SAE J2912, refrigerant identification equipment for R-134a and R-1234yf
  130. SAE J2851, equipment for removing contaminated R-134a and R-1234yf
  131. EPA, Purchasing and repairing home air conditioners or heat pumps (R-22 servicing)
  132. EPA, Ozone-depleting substances (HCFC-22 GWP)
  133. eCFR, 40 CFR 82 subpart I (pre-charged HCFC-22 appliances)
  134. Chemours, Freon 410A and 407C properties, uses, storage and handling (composition)
  135. Arkema, Forane R-22 to 427A Q&A sheet
  136. Arkema, Forane 427A product page (GWP)
  137. Federal Register, Technology Transitions reconsideration final rule (91 FR 31284, May 26, 2026)
  138. Daikin, About HFC-32 refrigerant
  139. Federal Register, SNAP Rule 25 (88 FR 26382, Apr 28, 2023)
  140. EPA, HFC allowances (phasedown schedule)
  141. Chemours, Opteon XL41 PUSH bulletin (cycle comparison with R-410A)
  142. Honeywell, Solstice 454B Technical Data Sheet
  143. Carrier, R-454B refrigerant

Electrical

  1. IEC 60228:2023, Conductors of insulated cables (scope and nominal cross-sections)
  2. Lapp, Technical table T11: conductor resistances and strand structure (metric), per DIN EN 60228
  3. ASTM B258, Standard Nominal Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas of AWG Sizes of Solid Round Wires Used as Electrical Conductors
  4. National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 100: Copper Wire Tables (1966)
  5. National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 109: Aluminum Wire Tables (1972)
  6. IAEI Magazine, Voltage Drop Calculations (Sept/Oct 2019)
  7. NFPA, NFPA 70 (NEC) code development page
  8. NFPA, Free access to NFPA codes and standards
  9. IAEI Magazine, Voltage Drop Formulas (Mar/Apr 2017)
  10. NCCER, Electrical Formula Sheet
  11. EC&M, Voltage Drop Limitations on Branch Circuits (May 2015)
  12. MWS Wire Industries, Copper Magnet Wire Data
  13. MWS Wire Industries, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: EC (1350) Aluminum Wire Data
  14. Southwire, SPEC 80150 Bare Copper Wire and Cable
  15. Cerrowire, Ampacity Charts

Machining and fasteners

  1. Kennametal, Decimal Equivalency Chart: Decimal Equivalents of Fraction, Number, Letter, and Metric Sizes
  2. Fastenal, Metalworking Decimal Equivalents Chart and Tap/Drill Recommendations
  3. Besly Cutting Tools, Drills & Reamers catalog SD0418, p. 36, Suggested Speeds and Feeds for High Speed Steel Drills
  4. Little Machine Shop, Tap & Clearance Drill Sizes (PDF)
  5. ASME B94.11M, Twist Drills (scope: nomenclature, sizes and tolerances, inch and metric)
  6. NIST Special Publication 811, Appendix B.8 (1 in = 2.54 cm exactly)
  7. Directorate General of Training (Government of India), Turner (NSQF Level 5) Related Theory, Exercise 1.3.36: drill size for reaming (twist drill oversize)
  8. NBS (NIST) Handbook H28 (1969) Part I, Screw-Thread Standards for Federal Services: Unified thread series, classes, designations and Tables 2.8 to 2.10 and 2.21
  9. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 4218 (Part 2):2001, identical to ISO 261:1998, ISO general purpose metric screw threads: general plan
  10. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 4218 (Part 4):2001, identical to ISO 262:1998, selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts
  11. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1364 (Part 1):2002, identical to ISO 4014:1999, hexagon head bolts
  12. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1364 (Part 2):2002, identical to ISO 4017:1999, hexagon head screws
  13. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 2269:2006, identical to ISO 4762:2004, hexagon socket head cap screws
  14. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1821:1987 (identical to ISO 273:1979), clearance holes for bolts and screws
  15. Parker Hannifin, Parker O-Ring Handbook ORD 5700 (2021): Table 9-1, Parker Series 2-XXX O-Ring Sizes; shrinkage; boss seals; compression set; glossary
  16. fasten.it, DIN 933 (withdrawn, replaced by DIN EN ISO 4017) dimension table, 09/1987 edition
  17. fasten.it, DIN 912 (withdrawn) dimension table, 12/1983 edition
  18. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 14962 (Part 1):2001, identical to ISO 965-1:1998, metric screw thread tolerances (designation)
  19. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1367 (Part 3):2002, identical to ISO 898-1:1999, property class designation and marking
  20. TR Fastenings, Tapping sizes and clearance holes
  21. Optimas, Recommended tapping drill and clearance hole sizes (metric)
  22. Global O-Ring and Seal, AS568 O-Ring Size Chart
  23. Precision Polymer Engineering, O-ring sizes AS 568 (PDF)
  24. SAE International, AS568F Aerospace Size Standard for O-Rings (scope)
  25. Amana Tool, 4 Facet Solid Carbide Fractional Drill Recommendations (speed and feed chart)
  26. Nachi America, HSS/HSCO Drill Series Catalog, p. 22, Standard Drilling Condition
  27. University of Pennsylvania, MEAM Design Lab, Feeds and Speeds guide
  28. Sandvik Coromant, Threading formulas and definitions: hole size for cutting and forming taps and thread height in %
  29. Outokumpu, Machining stainless steel bar: a short guide (work hardening, free-machining grades)
  30. OSG USA, Tap Drill Sizes and Pitch Diameter Limits chart, Vol 3 (UNC and UNF series)
  31. Guhring, Tap Drill Calculator notes (ISO metric and UN threads share the 60-degree form but are not interchangeable)
  32. YG-1, Taps and Drills catalog YU-SS20, tap drill sizes for Unified and metric threads

Metal and pipe

  1. 15 U.S. Code 206, Standard gauge for sheet and plate iron and steel
  2. National Bureau of Standards, Letter Circular 24: Standard Thicknesses of Sheet Metal (1922)
  3. Alro Steel, Alro Metals Guide: Manufacturers' Standard Gauge (p. 3-26) and Stainless Sheet Thickness Tolerances (p. 5-30)
  4. ASTM B258, Standard Nominal Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas of AWG Sizes of Solid Round Wires
  5. ASME B36.10M, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
  6. ASME B36.19M, Stainless Steel Pipe
  7. InfraBuild Steel Centre, Pipe & Fittings Data Charts (ASME B36.10 and B36.19)
  8. Copper Development Association, The Copper Tube Handbook (A4015-26/24)
  9. Wheatland Tube, Standard Pipe brochure (ASTM A53 Schedule 40 and 80)
  10. ASTM B88, Seamless Copper Water Tube
  11. ASTM B280, Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Field Service
  12. Mueller Streamline Co., Streamline Copper Tube reference information (UW CT0926)
  13. ASTM D1785, PVC Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80 and 120
  14. Westlake Pipe & Fittings, Schedule 40 and 80 PVC Pressure Pipe
  15. Charlotte Pipe, Submittal for PVC Schedule 40 Pressure Pipe
  16. Ryerson, Steel Gauge Chart: Understanding Thickness and Applications
  17. Online Metals, Thickness Information
  18. Metal Supermarkets, Sheet Metal Gauge Chart

Reference tables (all sections)

  1. ASTM B258, Standard Nominal Diameters and Cross-Sectional Areas of AWG Sizes of Solid Round Wires Used as Electrical Conductors
  2. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), Handbook 100, Copper Wire Tables (1966), Tables 1, 5, 10 and 17
  3. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), Handbook 109, Aluminum Wire Tables (1972), Table 1
  4. MWS Wire Industries, Copper Magnet Wire Data (bare copper, 6 to 56 AWG)
  5. Southwire, SPEC 80150 Bare Copper Wire and Cable, Solid and Stranded (rev. Jan 26, 2026)
  6. MWS Wire Industries, Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys: EC (1350) Aluminum Wire Data
  7. Southwire, AAC All Aluminum Conductor, Bare (ASTM B230/B231 1350-H19) specification
  8. Kennametal, Decimal Equivalency Chart (H282)
  9. Exact conversion: fractional size = n/64 in; metric size in inches = mm / 25.4; inch to mm = in x 25.4 (25.4 mm per inch exactly, NIST SP 811)
  10. Fastenal, Tap/Drill Recommendations for cutting taps (Metalworking Decimal Equivalents Chart, poster 9701309)
  11. Besly Cutting Tools, Drills & Reamers catalog SD0418, p. 36 "Drilling Speeds & Feeds": table "Suggested Speeds for High Speed Steel Drills" (Regular Drills column) and "Suggested Feeds for High Speed Drills"
  12. IRWIN Hanson, wire gauge jobber drill catalog page 105 (number drills #1 to #80)
  13. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 4218 (Part 4):2001, identical adoption of ISO 262:1998 "ISO general purpose metric screw threads - Selected sizes for screws, bolts and nuts", Table 1
  14. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1364 (Part 1):2002 and IS 1364 (Part 2):2002, identical adoptions of ISO 4014:1999 (hexagon head bolts) and ISO 4017:1999 (hexagon head screws), Tables 1 and 2 (dimension s)
  15. fasten.it, DIN 933 (withdrawn, 09/1987 edition) dimension table
  16. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 2269:2006, identical adoption of ISO 4762:2004 (hexagon socket head cap screws), Table 1 (dimension s)
  17. fasten.it, DIN 912 (withdrawn, 12/1983 edition) dimension table
  18. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 1821:1987 (identical to ISO 273:1979), clearance holes for bolts and screws
  19. Optimas, Tapping sizes (metric coarse and fine pitch tables)
  20. YG-1, Taps and Drills catalog YU-SS20, Tap Drill Sizes - Unified Thread and Metric Thread (pp. 21-29)
  21. fasten.it, DIN EN ISO 4017 (10/2014) dimension table
  22. Engineers Edge, ISO Hex Head Screw per ISO 4014 specification table
  23. Wermac, Hex bolt dimensions according to DIN 931 / ISO 4014 (DIN head sizes)
  24. MISUMI USA, Metric socket head cap screws dimensions (ISO)
  25. Eugene Fastener, Socket screw torque chart and hex key size reference (metric table)
  26. RS Components (RS PRO), Hex key chart for DIN 912 socket cap screws M3 to M24
  27. Albany County Fasteners, Clearance Hole Chart (inch close fit column)
  28. TR Fastenings, Tapping sizes and clearance holes (Unified table lists every UNC, UNF and UNEF pitch per size)
  29. Parker Hannifin O-Ring & Engineered Seals Division, Parker O-Ring Handbook ORD 5700 (2021 edition), Table 9-1 "Parker Series 2-XXX O-Ring Sizes"
  30. Global O-Ring and Seal, AS568 O-Ring Size Chart
  31. Precision Polymer Engineering (IDEX), O-ring sizes AS 568 (PDF)
  32. ASME B36.10M, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
  33. ASME B36.19M, Stainless Steel Pipe
  34. InfraBuild Steel Centre, Pipe & Fittings Data Charts: American Standard Steel Pipe ASME B36.10 (pp. 2-3) and Stainless Steel Pipes to ASME B36.19 (p. 15)
  35. Rolled Alloys, Pipe Size Chart
  36. Engineering ToolBox, ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 Carbon, Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipes: Dimensions
  37. Wheatland Tube, Standard Pipe brochure: ASTM A53 Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 weights and dimensions
  38. ASTM D1785, Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
  39. Westlake Pipe & Fittings, Schedule 40 and 80 PVC Pressure Pipe (PL-PS-025, ASTM D1785)
  40. Charlotte Pipe, Submittal for PVC Schedule 40 Pressure Pipe (IPS, ASTM D1785)
  41. Copper Development Association, The Copper Tube Handbook (A4015-26/24), Tables 14.2a, 14.2b, 14.2c and 14.2e
  42. Harrison Plastic, Schedule 40/80 PVC Pipe Specifications (copy hosted by InspectAPedia)
  43. Mueller Streamline Co., Streamline Copper Tube price list UW CT0926 (effective Sept 21, 2026): reference information and refrigeration service tube
  44. Engineering ToolBox, ASTM B280 Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration (ACR): Dimensions
  45. 15 U.S. Code 206, Standard gauge for sheet and plate iron and steel (Act of March 3, 1893)
  46. National Bureau of Standards, Letter Circular 24, Standard Thicknesses of Sheet Metal (1922)
  47. Alro Steel, Alro Metals Guide: Manufacturers' Standard Gauge (p. 3-26) and Stainless Sheet Thickness Tolerances (p. 5-30)
  48. eFunda, Sheet Metal Gage Size Calculator (Manufacturers' Standard Gage and Galvanized Sheet Gage)
  49. Online Metals, Thickness Information: Gauge Conversion Table in Inches
  50. Metal Supermarkets, Sheet Metal Gauge Chart
  51. Ryerson, Steel Gauge Chart: Understanding Thickness and Applications
  52. Amana Tool, "4 Facet Solid Carbide Fractional Drill Recommendations" (SCFD material speed and feed chart)
  53. Nachi America, HSS/HSCO Drill Series Catalog, p. 22 "Standard Drilling Condition" (uncoated jobber drills, List No. 500)
  54. University of Pennsylvania, MEAM Design Lab, Feeds and Speeds guide (HSS and carbide end mills)
  55. Redline Tools (Productivity Inc.), General Purpose Carbide Endmills Speeds & Feeds (p. 216) and High Speed Steel and Cobalt Endmills Speeds & Feeds (p. 220)
  56. OSG USA, Tap Drill Sizes and Pitch Diameter Limits chart, Vol 3 (EDP 800274CA-V3, 2024)
  57. Sandvik Coromant, Threading formulas and definitions: hole size for cutting and forming taps and thread height in %
  58. Guhring, Tap Drill Calculator and tap drill selection notes
  59. National Bureau of Standards (now NIST), Handbook H28 (1969) Part I, Screw-Thread Standards for Federal Services: Tables 2.8, 2.9 and 2.10 (UNC, UNF and UNEF basic dimensions), which reproduce the ASME (ANSI) B1.1 Unified series
  60. Little Machine Shop, Tap & Clearance Drill Sizes (inch) and Metric Tap & Clearance Drill Sizes (PDF)
  61. Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 4218 (Part 2):2001, identical adoption of ISO 261:1998 "ISO general purpose metric screw threads - General plan", Table 2
  62. IAEI Magazine, Voltage Drop Calculations (Sept/Oct 2019, from Ferm's Formulas and Calculations)
  63. NCCER, Electrical Formula Sheet (voltage drop formulas)

Last reviewed October 10, 2026.